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The Need for Marine Management illustrated by the Costs of Degradation of Ecosystem Services
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2014
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Kristin Magnussen
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vista -analyse.no The Need for Marine Management illustrated by the Costs of Degradation of Ecosystem Services Kristin Magnussen Global Ocean Action Summit , Hague , the Netherlands 23 . April 2014 vista -analyse.no Content • Goods and services from the sea • Ecosystem Services (ES) • Examples of Marine Ecosystem Services • The Costs of degraded marine environments (and the benefits of improved environments) • How IMME can improve management of the seas vista -analyse.no The sea provides us with plenty of goods and services vista -analyse.no What are Ecosystem Services? Ecosystem Services are the benefits (goods and services) people receive from nature The ES approach was developed to better understand and recognise the relationship between healthy ecosystems and people’s welfare Background: • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) • The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) vista -analyse.no The Ecosystem Services Approach MAES 2013: ( Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services) vista -analyse.no Source: Institute of Marine Resources, as reprinted in the Management Plan for the Barents Sea and Lofoten vista -analyse.no Major threats to the environmental status of oceans • Overfishing • Habitat changes, including disturbances • Pollution (contaminants, eutrophication, marine litter) • Climate change vista -analyse.no The cost of degradation Environmental quality level Good environmental quality level Year Natural level vista -analyse.no The costs of degradation vista -analyse.no The negative impacts of NOT having good environmental quality • It is easy to see and realise that measures to reduce pollution and other negative environmental effects will be costly, and these costs are often calculated (or estimated). • However, it is important to remember that: NOT having good environmental quality – now and in the future – also have costs and negative impacts on several sectors and ecosystem services. (or: Put the other way round: Achieving good environmental quality give benefits to society, some of which may be measures in economic terms, and some, not. • The ES approach can be used to estimate these costs (or benefits of improvements) www.vista -analyse.no vista -analyse.no CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Maintenance of basic ecological structures, like habitats and biodiversity PROVISIONING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Examples: Fish, aqua culture, energy, genetic resources CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Examples: Tourism and recreational services, aesthetic values, cultural heritage and identity, preservation of the ocean for the future REGULATING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Examples: Regulation of climate gases and harmful substances 11 vista -analyse.no Provisioning Ecosystem Services Production of food for people Like fishing, aqua culture Non edible products Fish for feed, bio energy Genetic resources; Like wild salmon genes as a ”gene pool” for salmon in aqua culture Resources for pharmaseutical , chemical and bio -technological industry Like marine bio prospecting Decorative resources 12 Photo : Institute for Marine Resources/ Mareano vista -analyse.no Cultural Ecosystem Services Tourism Tourism based on marine resources, along coast and sea Recreation Like angling, bird hunting, sailing, scuba diving, etc. Aesthetic values People value good views Natural heritage Non -use values of preserving the sea in good shape for future generations 13 vista -analyse.no Regulating Ecosystem Services Regulation of climate gases Marine water and plants are important for sedimentation and sequestration of CO2. Regulation of harmful substances Marine water break down nutrients, harmful substances etc. (to a certain limit) vista -analyse.no Values and trade - offs The benefits (values) of Ecosystem Services – and the changes in these - need to be: • Identified (described) • Quantified (to the extent possible) • Valued in monetary terms (to the extent possible) There will be necessary trade - offs: • Between ES • Over time (and generations) • Between spatial areas • Between interest groups vista -analyse.no Why do we need to value Ecosystem Services? • Ecosystem Services often are public goods • You don’t have to pay to over -exploit ES, and the market prices do not necessarily reflect over - exploitation • Demonstration of values shows the importance of good nature management – also due to human welfare and well -being in the short and long run 16 vista -analyse.no Different ways of presenting values of Ecosystem Services 17 Economic valuation Quantitative assessment Qualitative assessment The magnitude of Ecosystem Services supplied of ecosystems Economic for example avoided costs for water cleaning, the value of food production, the value of sequestration of carbon Quantitative: for example cubic meter cleaned water, tons of carbon, percentage of population who will be affected of lost food production Qualitative: Amount and importance of Ecosystem Services from different ecosystems Kilde: Based on Brink (2008) and replicated in TEEB (2008) and Magnussen et al. (2010) vista -analyse.no Why economic valuation? • Many decisions are governed by price signals • Economic values are easy to communicate • By use of economic analyses the value of nature can be included on equal terms with other economic values 18 Foto: Svein Magne Fredriksen, Miljøverndepartementet vista -analyse.no Integrated Management of the Marine Environment (IMME) The purpose of IMME is to: • Support welfare production from the seas through sustainable use of resources and ecosystem services of the ocean • Keep and preserve the structure, functioning, productivity and biodiversity of the marine ecosystems. • Provide a planning tool to balance objectives from different sectors in a transparent manner vista -analyse.no How can the ES approach and IMME contribute to improved management of marine areas? The oceans provide goods and services vital to our welfare and well -being Lots of these are difficult to value – and very difficult to put a price tag on Goods and services without a price tag are necessary parts of plans and management of the oceans. Otherwise huge and important values are left out The Ecosystem Services Approach is developed to better understand and recognise the relationship between healthy ecosystems and people’s welfare in the long run The IMME Approach is a tool to balance different sectors and interests in a transparent manner – taking into account the ecosystem’s boundaries and the cumulative effects of all human activities 20 vista -analyse.no Thank you for your attention ! k ristin.magnussen@vista -analyse.no Source: Institute of Marine Resources/ Mareano ,
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