The Need for Marine Management illustrated by the Costs of Degradation of Ecosystem Services

Category	Lectures
Sub-Categories	n/a
Year	2014
Author(s)	Kristin Magnussen
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The Need for Marine 
Management illustrated by 
the Costs of Degradation of 
Ecosystem Services	 	
Kristin Magnussen	 	
Global Ocean Action 	Summit	, 	Hague	, 	the	 Netherlands	 	
23	. April 2014

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Content	 	
•	Goods and services 
from the sea	 	
•	Ecosystem Services 
(ES)	 	
•	Examples of Marine 
Ecosystem Services	 	
•	The Costs of degraded 
marine environments 
(and the benefits of 
improved environments)	 	
•	How IMME can improve 
management of the 
seas

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The sea provides us with 
plenty of goods and services

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What are Ecosystem Services? 	 	
Ecosystem Services are the benefits (goods and 
services) people receive from nature	 	
 
The ES approach was developed to better 
understand and recognise the relationship between 
healthy ecosystems and people’s welfare	 	
 
Background:	 	
•	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)	 	
•	The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity 
(TEEB)

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The 	Ecosystem	 Services 	Approach	 	
MAES 2013: (	Mapping	 and 	Assessment	 of	 Ecosystem	 Services)

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Source: 	Institute	 of	 Marine Resources, as 	reprinted	 in 	the	 Management Plan 	
for 	the	 Barents Sea and Lofoten

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Major threats to the 
environmental status of oceans	 	 	
•	Overfishing	 	
 
•	Habitat changes, including disturbances	 	
 	
•	Pollution (contaminants, eutrophication, marine litter)	 	
 	
 	
•	Climate change

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The cost of degradation	 	
Environmental quality level	 	
Good environmental quality level	 	
Year	 	
Natural level

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The 	costs	 	of	 	degradation

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The negative impacts of NOT having good 
environmental quality	 	
•	It is easy to see and realise that measures to reduce 
pollution and other negative environmental effects will 
be costly, and these costs are often calculated (or 
estimated).	 	
•	 However, it is important to remember that: 	 	
NOT having good environmental quality 	–	 now and in 	
the future 	–	 also have costs and negative impacts on 	
several sectors and ecosystem services. (or: Put the 
other way round: Achieving good environmental quality 
give benefits to society, some of which may be 
measures in economic terms, and some, not. 	 	
•	The ES approach can be used to estimate these costs 
(or benefits of improvements)	 	
 	www.vista	-analyse.no

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CATEGORIES OF 
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES	 	
SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES	 	
 	Maintenance of basic ecological structures, like habitats 	
 	and biodiversity	 	
 
 
PROVISIONING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES	 	
 	Examples: Fish, aqua culture, energy, genetic resources	 	
 
 
CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES	 	
 	Examples: Tourism and recreational services, aesthetic 	
 	values, cultural heritage and identity, preservation of the 	
 	ocean for the future 	 	
 
 
REGULATING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 	 	
 	Examples: Regulation of climate gases and harmful 	
 	substances	 	
 	
 
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Provisioning	 Ecosystem	 Services	 	
	Production of food for people	 	
Like fishing, aqua culture	 	
 
	Non edible products	 	
Fish for feed, bio energy	 	
 	
	Genetic resources;	 	
Like wild salmon genes as a ”gene 
pool” for salmon in aqua culture	 	
 
	Resources for 	pharmaseutical	, 	
chemical and bio	-technological 	
industry	 	
Like marine bio prospecting	 	
 
	Decorative resources	 	
 	
 	
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Photo	: Institute	 for Marine 	
Resources/	Mareano

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Cultural 	Ecosystem	 Services	 	
	Tourism	 	
Tourism based on marine 
resources, along coast and sea	 	
 	
	Recreation	 	
Like angling, bird hunting, sailing, 
scuba diving, etc.	 	
 	
	Aesthetic values	 	
People value good views	 	
 	
	Natural heritage	 	
Non	-use values of preserving the 	
sea in good shape for future 
generations	 	
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Regulating	 	Ecosystem	 	
Services	 	
	Regulation of climate 
gases	 	
Marine water and plants 
are important for 
sedimentation and 
sequestration of CO2.	 	
 
	Regulation of harmful 
substances	 	
Marine water break down 
nutrients, harmful 
substances etc. (to a 
certain limit)

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Values and trade	-	offs	 	
The benefits (values) of 
Ecosystem Services 	–	 and the 	
changes in these 	- need to be:	 	
•	Identified (described)	 	
•	Quantified (to the extent 
possible)	 	
•	Valued in monetary terms (to 
the extent possible)	 	
 
There will be necessary trade	-	
offs:	 	
•	Between ES 	 	
•	Over time (and generations)	 	
•	Between spatial areas	 	
•	Between interest groups

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Why do we need to value Ecosystem 
Services?	 	
•	Ecosystem Services often 
are public goods 	 	
 	
•	You don’t have to pay to 
over	-exploit ES, and the 	
market prices do not 
necessarily reflect over	-	
exploitation	 	
 	
•	Demonstration of values 
shows the importance of 
good nature management 	–	 	
also due to human welfare 
and well	-being in the short 	
and long run	 	
 
 	
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Different ways of presenting 
values of Ecosystem Services	 	
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Economic 
valuation	 	
Quantitative	 assessment	 	
Qualitative	 assessment	 	
The magnitude 	of	 Ecosystem	 Services 	supplied	 of	 	
ecosystems	 	
Economic 	for example avoided costs 	
for water cleaning, the value of food 
production, the value of sequestration 
of carbon	 
Quantitative: 	for example cubic meter 	
cleaned water, tons of carbon, 
percentage of population who will be 
affected of lost food production	 	
Qualitative: 	Amount and 	
importance of Ecosystem Services 
from different ecosystems	 	
Kilde: 	Based	 on	 Brink (2008) 	 and 	replicated	 in 	TEEB (2008) 	and 	Magnussen 	et 	
al. 	(2010)

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Why economic 
valuation?	 	
•	Many decisions are governed by price signals	 	
•	Economic values are easy to communicate	 	
•	By use of economic analyses the value of nature 
can be included on equal terms with other economic 
values	 	
 
 
 
 
 	
18	 	Foto: Svein Magne Fredriksen, 
Miljøverndepartementet

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Integrated Management 	of	 	
the	 	Marine Environment 	
(IMME)	 	
 
The purpose of IMME is to:	 	
•	Support welfare production from the seas through 
sustainable use of resources and ecosystem services 
of the ocean 	 	 	
•	Keep and preserve the structure, functioning, 
productivity and biodiversity of the marine 
ecosystems. 	 	
 	
•	Provide a planning tool to balance objectives from 
different sectors in a transparent manner

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How 	can	 the	 ES 	approach	 and IMME 	
contribute	 to 	improved	 management 	of	 	
marine areas?	 	
	The 	oceans	 provide	 goods	 and services 	vital to our 	
welfare and well	-being	 	
	Lots of these are difficult to value 	–	 and very difficult to 	
put a price tag on	 	
	Goods and services without a price tag are necessary 	
parts of plans and management of the oceans. Otherwise 
huge and important values are left out	 	
	The 	Ecosystem	 Services 	Approach	 is 	developed	 to 	better 	
understand and recognise the relationship between 
healthy ecosystems and people’s 	welfare in the long run	 	
	The IMME Approach is a tool to balance different sectors 	
and interests in a transparent manner 	–	 taking into account 	
the ecosystem’s boundaries and the cumulative effects of 
all human activities	 	
 
 
 	
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Thank	 	you	 	for 	your	 	
attention	!	 	 
 	
k	ristin.magnussen@vista	-analyse.no	 	
 	
Source: 	Institute	 of	 Marine Resources/	Mareano	,

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