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VISTA ANALYSE
News
Publications
Employees
Orvika Rosnes
CEO
Dag Morten Dalen
Chairman of the board
Haakon Vennemo
Partner
Ingeborg Rasmussen
Partner
Michael Hoel
Partner
Tor Homleid
Partner
John Magne Skjelvik
Partner
Steinar Strøm
Partner
Sidsel Sverdrup
Partner
Eivind Tandberg
Partner
Hanne Toftdahl
Partner
Åsmund Sunde Valseth
Partner
Leonid Andreev
Eivind Bjørkås
Anita Einarsdottir
Stine Mari Godeseth
Leif Grandum
Andreas Stranden Hoel-Holt
Mari Brekke Holden
Haakon Riekeles
Herman Ringdal
Kristian Roksvaag
Andreas Skulstad
Veronica Strøm
Martin Ørbeck
Øyvind Rørslett
Philip Swanson
Research
About
History
Master's thesis
Quality Control
Contact
Map
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The Oslo case: Handling environmental risk with urban planning
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Year
2014
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Rasmus Reinvang
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vista& analyse.no - The Oslo case: Handling environmental risk with urban planning Rasmus Reinvang, Mag. Art. ( PhD ), Vista Analysis Workshop Sino-Norwegian project ”Planning for cost-effective environmental risk reduction ” Beijing, 18-19 November 2014 vista& analyse.no - Norway'Sweden ' Germany'Oslo'Poland ' vista& analyse.no - Content 1. Overview : Oslo, the capital of Norway 2. 1850-1980: Industrialization and environmental crisis 3. 1980-today: Redevelopment and the green city 4. Remaining challenges and future plans vista& analyse.no - vista& analyse.no - vista& analyse.no - Oslo today • Oslo municipality : 640 000 pop. • Oslo Metropolitan Area: 1 500 000 pop. • The economic and governmental centre of Norway • A hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. • An important European centre for maritime industries and trade (shipping companies , shipbrokers , maritime insurance brokers). • Oslo is considered a global city (an important node in the global economic system) and ranked ”Beta World City” (2012). • For reference : Guangzhou is ranked ”Beta+ World City” ( above Oslo) and Shenzhen is ranked ”Beta- World City” ( below Oslo). vista& analyse.no - Content 1. Overview : Oslo, the capital of Norway 2. 1850-1980: Industrialization and environmental crisis 3. 1980-today: Redevelopment and the green city 4. Remaining challenges and future plans vista& analyse.no - • 1850-1930: The Industrial City emerges • Factories and sevenfold increase in population • 1930-1970: Urban Expansion and the Car Age • Urban growth , housing shortages , environmental crisis • 1970-1980s: Decline and mobilization • Deindustrialization , depopulation , environmental crisis • Mass group incidents , policy development vista& analyse.no - Oslo-1840- vista& analyse.no - 1850-1930: The industrial city emerges • Initially based on hydropower from the city rivers • Sevenfold increase in population • From ca. 45 000 in 1850 til 330 000 in 1925 • New working class neighbourhoods around factories • Slums • Increasing pollution levels (air and water) • Air: Increasing reliance on coal and gas ( black fumes ) • Water: Wastewater mostly untreated until 1930s; sludge is towed out and dumped in the fjord. • Urban waste is deposited on Langøya island . • Drinking water is secured by municipality buying up surrounding forest with lakes; piping of water to the city vista& analyse.no - Factories -at-Akerselva,-ca.-1860- Mechanical -workshop,-1908- Shipyard -and-workshop,-1925- -Municipal -waste -on -the -island -Langøyene,-1930- - vista& analyse.no - Map -of -Oslo-1938,- with -main -industrial -zones -indicated -with -blue -circles .- - vista& analyse.no - The-Oslo- Harbour -(Bjørvika)-1930s,-an- industrial -area- between -the -city-and- the -Rord.-In- the -foreground -a- coal -deposit ,-in- the -background -a- shipyard .- - vista& analyse.no - 1930-1970: Urban expansion and the car • Continued urban growth (50%) and industrial development • From 330 000 in 1925 to 488 000 in 1969 • Large scale urban planning introduced (1929) to handle problems (e.g. slums, pollution ) and facilitate growth . • Severe housing shortages ( aggravated by war 1940-45) leads to building boom 1950s – 1970. • Power needs secured by the municiplaity investing in hydropower in far- away valleys ( phase out of coal /gas for energy production ) • Increasing ecological crisis • Fast growing car trafick ( doubling 1948-1959) increase air pollution levels • Lack of wastewater and waste treatment kills off river trout , and makes it a health risk to swim in rivers and the inner fjord basin , and to eat fish from the fjord. Landfills moved onto land is not enough . vista& analyse.no - LocaTon- of -industry -in-Oslo,-1946- - vista& analyse.no - Polluted -wastewater,-Oslo-(Lambertseter)-1958- -Metal-smelTng,-Oslo-1946.--Measuring -dust- parTcles -at- the -staTon ,-Oslo-1956.- -Oslo- harbour -(Akers.-Mek.),-1961- - vista& analyse.no - 1970-1980s: Decline and mobilization • Population decline 1969-1984 of almost 10% • From 488 000 in 1969 to 448 000 in 1984 • Mains reason : Housing shortages and environmental problems • Environmental crisis • Air pollution (SO2, NO2, PM10) • Increasing motor traffick congesting the city; pollution , noise • Water pollution ; rivers and the fjord not fit for use • Increasing waste production (5-7%/ year ) and lack of land- fill capacity • The building boom 1950-1970 (urban development ) has destroyed urban green structure and traditional small-scale neighbourhoods . Urban sprawl . • Industrial forestry destroyed biodiversity and recreational values around the city • Environment on the political agenda • Norwegian Ministry of Environment established in 1972. Policy tools . vista& analyse.no - Oslo- harbour -(Akers.-Mek.),-1975.- --Slum-in- central -Oslo-( Rathkesgate ),-1981.- --The- town -hall- square ,-Oslo-1970.- - vista& analyse.no - Content 1. Overview : Oslo, the capital of Norway 2. 1850-1980: Industrialization and environmental crisis 3. 1980-today: Redevelopment and the green city 4. Remaining challenges and future plans vista& analyse.no - 1980s: A transition time Challenges • Environmental crisis . • Industrial decline ( shut-downs or relocation inland or abroad ) • Large former industrial areas vacant • The ” flight from the city” leads to a weaker tax base. New ideas • 1982: An NGO launches a competition ”The City and the Fjord: Oslo towards year 2000”. • Winning solution (1984): Develop former harbour areas into mixed residential-shopping- office areas. Environmental policy development • 1986: Municipal Environment Commissioner established • 1991: First environmental policy strategy ( focus on air pollution ) vista& analyse.no - 1990s: The vision of the ”Fjord city” &-” ReconnecTng -the -city-and- the -Rord”- -&-The-”service- economy -city”- &-Developing -harbour -areas-for-residenTal&shopping& office &culture&leisure -(like-Barcelona!)- &-CooperaTon- with -private- developers - &-Moving -the -long -distance -car -traffic -underground -- &-InvesTng -in-wastewater- treatment - New$tunnel$ vista& analyse.no - Improved planning A more robust Municipal Development Plan ( since 1990s) - Provides ”One Vision ” for the development of the city in a 15 to 25 year perspective , incl . a land- use plan. - Includes mapping of relevant factors and trends. - Updated every 4-8 years . Increasing refinement . Urban Ecology Programme (first 1998) - 10-15 year perspective , incl . 6 prioritised areas, strategy , actions and indicators . - Updated towards the end of each planning period vista& analyse.no - TransformaTon -areas-for- housing :-Dark-red- colour -(1998)- Former- industrial -areas- along -the -Aker-river;- now -to- become -a`racTve -and-green- residenTal -areas.- - vista& analyse.no - A long list of measures ( traffick examples ) To l l fee on vehicles entering Oslo ( introduced late 1980s) - Immediate reduction of car traffick with 5-10%. - Finances (+50% of revenue ) development of public transport. Increased focus on public transport - Subways, trams and buses: Increased frequency and more lines. - Increasing market share since 2007. Biogas - A biogas production plant outside the city produces methane (and garden soil ) from wet-organic waste ; the methane fuels 250 city buses. vista& analyse.no - ”I-am-not- making --a-mess.- I-am- making -fuel !”- - (Chinese $text )$ - vista& analyse.no - New-CBD-Museums-/-Opera-Museum-Shopping-and- residenTal - ResidenTal- tbd - ResidenTal-(tbd )-- Status - /Status-2014- & New- residenTa - Oslo- harbour -(Sydhavna )- vista& analyse.no - From- shipyard -and-workshop-to-art-museum,- apartments ,-shopping-and- leisure - --1975-2014- vista& analyse.no - Oslo is today a leading sustinable and green city 2003:-Oslo-European- Sustainable -City- Award -Winner .- -2010,-2011,-2014:-Oslo-finalist-(top&5)-to- become -European-Green-Capital.- - vista& analyse.no - Content 1. Overview : Oslo, the capital of Norway 2. 1850-1980: Industrialization and environmental crisis 3. 1980-today: Redevelopment and the green city 4. Remaining challenges and future plans vista& analyse.no - Remaining env . risk challenges • Air pollution • Problems with NO 2 and PM 10 , especially in winter . • Sources: Car emissions (diesel), studded tires, heating with wood . • Oslo harbour • A major harbour handling dangerous goods , close to central Oslo • Sustainable growth • Oslo is one of the fastest growing cities in Euope (2% per year ) • Estimated Oslo Metropolitan Area pop. 2030: 2 million vista& analyse.no - Oslo towards 2030 DensificaTon -in-nodes- with -public - transport-is-to- ensure -green-and- low& carbon -development -of -the -city.- --Remaining - industrial -areas- -- vista& analyse.no - Definition of ” increased risk” site : - A site with several risk factors / activites - A site with potential for ”domino effects ” - A site where consequenses for people located around the area may be severe. - A site where the total risk is higher than the sum of the risk from individual activites . Oslo harbour - an ”increased risk site” vista& analyse.no - & Norway’s -largest -container- harbour ,-receives -40%- of -all- imported -fuel .- & Receives -and-stores-all- aviaTon -fuel -for-Oslo-InternaTonal-Airport.- & Fuel -is- transported -from- the -harbour -on -petrol -tankers-and- freight -trains - & Located -3-km-from- the - city- centre .- --& ResidenTal- development -adjacent - to- the -harbour - - vista& analyse.no - DSB’s independent assessment In Norway, DSB ( the Directorate for Civil Protection ) is responsible for civil protection , covering national , regional and local preparedness and emergency planning, fire and electrical safety , safety in handling and transport of hazardous substances . - DSB reports to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security. DSB published an independent risk assessment of Oslo harbour (Sydhavna ), in February 2014. - Based on publicly available data and data requested from involved parties . - Based on interviews and meetings with involved parties . - Based in in- depth investigations into certain topics vista& analyse.no - DSB’s findings ( selected ) • Many involved parties and different types of activities make coordination a challenge . • Extensive information flows , but not filtered to ensure that the right person will have the right information in case of an emergency . • Different risk management systems among different operators; need for better coordination . • Many different risk assessments made for different activities (made when permission was sought ), but lack of a risk assessment looking at the totality . • Lack of a system for continous risk assessment • When assumptions for a risk assessment changes , a new risk assessment is not automatically carried out vista& analyse.no - Risk factors From the anonymous survey conducted with harbour operators - 85% considered the ship-trafick risky ”to some extent ” - 69% considered the car traffick risky ”to a significant extent (31%) or ”to some extent ” (38%) - 45% considered container operations risky ”to some extent ” vista& analyse.no - Risk scenario A ship transporting fuel collides with another ship or runs aground by Hovedøya/Bleikøya islands . This results in a fuel leak which is ignited and begins drifting towards central Oslo. Southern wind direction , 2 m/s. The map shows dispersal of fumes . - Red colour : Exposure for +1h gives life- threatening health effects . - Blue colour : Exposure for +1h gives temporary negative health effects . The-scenario-is- based -on -an- incident -in-New-York- harbour ,-1973.- - vista& analyse.no - Recommendations and follow -up • Stronger involvement of the municipality to ensure overall risk management. • Improved communication and coordination between ” external ” stakeholders; municipality , harbour authorities , relevant ministries etc. • Improved communication and coordination between ” internal ” stakeholders at the site . • HarbourEx15 (April 2015): A full- scale emergency exercise • A serious accident scenario is played out • All emergency response agencies respond as in-real- life • The response is documented and evaluated to improve response • EU support and international participation vista& analyse.no - Contact :-rasmus@vista&analyse.no -
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